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Dr. Praveen Chandra Pandey
Associate Professor
Department of Physics, IIT (BHU), Varanasi
pcpandey.app@iitbhu.ac.in
9450709182
Area of Interest: 
Fiber Optics, Photonic crystals, Optical low dimensional materials and Optoelectronics

 Dr. Praveen Chandra Pandey, Associate Professor 
             
Department of Physics,Indian Institute of Technology(Banaras Hindu University),
                   Varanasi – 201005, U.P., INDIA
E mail: pcpandey.app@iitbhu.ac.in  
Mobile No. 9450709182
Date of Birth: 1st Nov 1974
Education:
Doctoral:  Ph.D.
in Applied Physics from Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi in 2001
Topic Study of some novel aspects of the Model Propagation Characteristics of some optical waveguides with new geometrical shapes and refractive index profiles”
 Post Graduation:       M.Sc. from Deptt. of Physics, BHU, Varanasi in 1997
Sub.: Physics with specialization in Advance Electronics and Communication (69.2%)             
Topic of Dissertation: Semiconductor based H2 Sensor
Graduation:               B.Sc. from V. B. S. Purvanchal University, Jaunpur in 1995, (74.6%)
                                    Sub.: Physics, Mathematics and Chemistry.
Intermediate:            From U.P. Board in 1991 with Science Maths Group (76.2%).
 High School:              From U.P. Board in 1989 with Science Group (74.5%).

Previous positions held :
 Teaching experience:       16 years (Since 22nd  Oct. 2001-till date)
 Presently: Assoc. Prof. in Dept. of Physics, IIT(BHU), Varanasi since 1st Sep. 2015
Assistant Prof. in Dept. of Physics, IIT(BHU), Varanasi since 14th Nov. 2007.
Lecturer in Dept of Physics, UIET, CSJM University Kanpur, (Since 5th Nov 2005 to 13th Nov 2007).
Sr. Lecturer in Dept. of Physics, A K G, Engg. College Ghaziabad (Since 1st  Oct. 2005 to 3rd  Nov. 2005).
Lecturer in Dept. of Physics, A K G, Engg. College Ghaziabad (Since 22nd Oct. 2001 to 30th Sep. 2005).
Administrative:          Warden: Vishweshwaraya Hostel since May 2015
                                   Worked as Convener DPGC for session 2015-16 and 2016-17
                                   Worked as Convener and Members of different committees of the Department and Institute.
                                   Departmental purchase secretary and DRC member in Dept of Applied Physics, IT BHU.
                                   Departmental Examination In-charge
                                   In Charge Deptt. of Physics, UIET, CSJM University Kanpur.
                                    Different confidential committees such as B.Ed entrance exam, Councelling, result preparation etc. in CSJM University Kanpur.
                                    Convener M.Phil (Physics) Deptt. of Physics, UIET, CSJM University Kanpur.
                                                etc
Membership of Academic Academy and Society:
 

  1. Life fellow Member of Optical Society of India ( No. L. 716)
  2. Life member of International Academy of Physical Sciences, IAPS (N15279)
  3. Member of INSTICC (No. 7812)

Academic Achievements:
 
Young Scientist Award by International Academy of Physical Sciences in 2001
Best paper presentation award in 2001 CONIAPS IV
Junior Research Fellowship of DRDO in 1997.
JRF & SRF (BHU) from 1998-2001.
NET and GATE in Physical Sciences
 

Courses Taught since 2007:

  1. Physics (AP-1101/1201) : Classical and Quantum Mechanics
  2. Electromagnetic Theory and Waveguide (AP-2201)
  3. Elements of Fiber Optics (AP-4102)
  4. Fiber and Integrated Optics (AP-5102)
  5. Photonics and Optoelectronics(AP-5104)
  6. Physics Lab (AP-1301/1401): Mechanics Lab
  7. Physics Lab (AP-1302/1402): Optics Lab
  8. Physics Lab (AP-5301): Fiber Optics Lab
  9. AP-7122: PBG and Metamaterials (Ph.D. Course work)
  10. Fiber Optics
  11. Master’s degree dissertation.

Lab Designed: 
             Establishing a lab of Photonics and Fiber Optics in the department for IMD (Engg.Physics) students.  Theoretical and experimental facilities have been created for IMD and Ph.D. students.  
 

Areas of Research: Photonics, Fiber Optics, EM Wave propagation in layered media using graded, meta & dispersive materials, Semiconductor low dim. material for photonic application,  Photonic crystal fiber and non-linear optics.
 
            Current Areas of Research:
 
1.         Theoretical analysis of band structure and reflectance of Periodic and Quasi periodic Photonic Band Gap Materials using different graded, dispersive and negative index materials.
2.         Applications of PBG materials in Superlenses and Solar cells.
3.         Unconventional optical fibers for communication and sensor applications.
4.         Low dimensional photonic material for photonic applications and Diluted Magnetic Semiconductor (DMS) thin films optical analysis.
5.         Modeling photonics crystal fiber for different applications.
6.         Non-linear wave propagation in Photonic crystals.
 

Research Project (for Three years 2011-14, completed):
          
Title:Analysis and Applications of Different Quasi-Periodic Photonic Band Gap Structures of Different Materials and Grading Profiles
            Funding Agency: DST SERC
             
 Salient feature of the project: 
 The desirable photonic band gaps can be achieved and controlled by choosing suitable parameters of graded photonic crystals with periodic or quasi-periodic arrangement.
 
Some new findings during this work:

  1. The number of reflection band can be tuned with layer thickness in graded photonic crystal structures with periodic or quasi-periodic arrangement.
  2. Reflection bandwidth can be controlled by the contrast of the initial and final refractive index graded layer in graded photonic crystals.
  3. Omni-directional band gap have been also achieved in our proposed structures with graded index layer.
  4. Spectra of our proposed structures can be used in the recognition of grading of materials.
  5. A large reflection band can be obtained in hetrostructures photonic crystals with graded materials.

Participation in Organizing the Seminar/Conferences:
 

  1. Treasurer: NCTP-2011
  2. Local Organizing Committee: RTCMP-2011
  3. Local Organizing Committee: National workshop on Recent Advances in Micro-Electro-Mechanical systems RAMEMS-2011

      4.  Treasurer: Jigyasa’15,
       5. Sectretory: Jigyasa'16 
       6.Convener Jigyasa'17 (student's Physics convection)

Seminar/Conferences Attended:
 
1.         International conference on Photonics, Optics and Laser Technology (PHOTOPTICS-2015), March 12-14, 2015, Berlin, Germany
2.         17th International Conference of International Academy of Physical Sciences (CONIAPS     XVII)  January 16-18, 2015 Jaipur, India
3.         Expet Committee Meeting & GMW at NITK Surathkal 2-3, January, 2014
4.         Focused discussion meeting on “Metamaterials and Photonic Nanostructures” 16th & 17th August, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, 2013
5          International Conference ELECTRO-2009, IT, BHU (2009).          
6.         National Conf. on Advanced Optoelectronic Materials and Devices (AOMD), BHU, 2008.
7.         National seminar on Perspectives in Engg. Optics & Spectroscopy, IPEC Ghaziabad, April 2005.
8.         Asia Pacific Microwave Conference (APMC 04), New Delhi Dec.  2004.
9.         Conf. on Optical fiber at IIT, Delhi in 2001
10.       CONIAPS IV at GGD Univ. Chitrakoot 2001
11.       PHOTONICS  at Calcutta in 2000
12.       CONIAPS III at Univ. of Allahabad in 1999
13.       Conf. on Optical fiber at IIT, Delhi in 1998

Invited Lectures:    

  1. Investigation on Photonic Band Gap Materials of Different Structures

R & D Activities of SAC through Respond Program of ISRO at Allahabad University, Allahabad Oct 2008.

  1. Influence of graded index……….Photonic crystal

20th International Conference of International Academy of Physical Sciences
(CONIAPS XX) July 14-16, 2017 Osmania University, Hyderabad-500 007, Telangana State, India

Research Guidance as Supervisor or Co-Supervisor:
           
            Ph.D. Course: (Four Ph.D. Students are working)
 

S.No. Name Title Status
1. Mr. Bipin Kumar Singh Study of some novel aspects of photonic band gap materials Awarded
2 Mr. Subhashish Tiwari Study of unconventional waveguides and their applications.
 
Awarded
3 Mr Achytesh Dixit Study of wave propagation in different non linear photonic crystals
 
Submitted
4 Mr. Pawan Kumar Stud of Low dimensional materials for photonic Applications  

 
 
 
 
           
M.Tech Dissertation Supervised:
           
           

S.No. Name Year of Completion Title of Thesis
1 Ms Sarita Bharti
 
2010 Optical properties of Photonic Bandgap materials with defects of different materials & grading profiles
 
2 Mr. B. Naveen Kumar
 
2011 Study of Power Amplifiers- the effect of device topology on the on-state and off state breakdown voltage in pHEMT.
 
3 Mr. Gaurav Srivastava
 
2011 Simulation of low noise amplifier.
 
4 Mr. Anudeep Wundralla 2013 Analysis of birefringence in anisotropic optical fibers
5 Ms V. Vidhya Laxmi 2013 Study of 2-d Photonic Crystals and Graded  Photonic Crystals towards effective negative index medium
6 Mr. Bujagouni Karthik Goud 2014 Simulation of Opto-electronic Deevices
7 Mr. Mayank Kumar Chaudhari 2014 Theoretical study of light harvesting efficiency of Photonic crystal based thin film solar cells
8 Mr. Manish Raghuwanshi
 
2014 Study of two-dimensional photonic crystal using dispersive materials
9 Mr. A Satwik Kumar Reddy 2015 Study of second harmonic generation in Photonic Crystal
10 Mr. Sampath Thammanaveni 2016 Fabrication of ambipolar transistor based on metal-oxide graphene hybrid semiconductor.
11 Ms Manasa Perikala 2017 Design and Development of flow sensor
 
12 Mr Aman Tugnawat 2017 Study of Photonic Crystal Based Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell. 
International journal of Repute:
 

1  Enhanced light trapping in dye-sensitized solar cell by coupling to 1D photonic crystal and accounting for finite coherence length
    MK Chaudhari, BK Singh, PC Pandey, 
Journal of Modern Optics, 1-9 (2017)

Consequence of Cobalt Incorporation on Structural and Optical Properties of Transparent Nano-Crystalline ZnO Thin Film,
P Kumar, PC Pandey,
Journal of International Academy of  Physical Sciences 20 (3) (2017)

3. Study of band structure of one-dimensional photonic crystal composed of dispersive and nonlinear dielectric materials,
 A Dixit, S Tiwari, PC Pandey,
Journal of Modern Optics 64 (13), 1240-1246 (2017)

4. Off-axis photonic bands of hexagonal plasma photonic crystal fiber containing elliptical holes with defect of high index material for nonlinear waves by PWE method
 A Dixit, PC Pandey, 
Modern Physics Letters B, 1750156(2017)

Optical properties of 3rd order Kerr hexagonal nonlinear photonic crystal fiber containing metal,  
A Dixit, S Tiwari, PC Pandey,
International Journal of Modern Physics B 31 (8), 1750047(2017)

6   Refractive Index Sensor Based on Spiral-Shaped Plastic Optical Fiber,  
S Tiwari, MK Singh, PC Pandey,
IEEE Sensors Journal 17 (6), 1692-1695(2017)

Evanescent-Field Gas Sensing in Photonic Crystal Fiber Containing Plasma Material by Finite Difference Method
A Dixit, S Tiwari, PC Pandey,
Sensor Letters 15 (3), 276-281(2017)

8  Effect of Dispersive Materials on the Dispersion and Normalized Frequency Characteristics of a Square Photonic Crystal Fiber
S Tiwari, A Dixit, PC Pandey,
Journal of Nanoelectronics and Optoelectronics 11 (6), 709-714(2016).

9 Investigations on absorption, photoluminescence and magnetic properties of ZnO: Co nanoparticles
P Kumar, PC Pandey,
Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology 80 (2), 342-352(2016).

10   Tunable photonic defect modes in one-dimensional photonic crystals containing exponentially and linearly graded index defect
BK Singh, S Tiwari, MK Chaudhari, PC Pandey,
Optik-International Journal for Light and Electron Optics 127 (16), 6452-6462(2016).
 
11  Correlation between structural, optical and magnetic properties of Mn-doped ZnO
P Kumar, BK Singh, BN Pal, PC Pandey,
Applied Physics A 122 (8), 1-12(2016).

12   Effect of temperature on terahertz photonic and omnidirectional band gaps in one-dimensional quasi-periodic photonic crystals composed of semiconductor InSb
BK Singh, PC Pandey,
Applied optics 55 (21), 5684-5692(2016).

13   Highly sensitive biochemical sensor based on photonic crystal ring resonator
S Tiwari, AK Dikshit, S Jit, PC Pandey,
OPTOELECTRONICS AND ADVANCED MATERIALS-RAPID COMMUNICATIONS 10 (7-8), 509-513(2016).

14  Photonic and omnidirectional band gap engineering in one-dimensional photonic crystals consisting of linearly graded index material
BK Singh, MK Chaudhari, PC Pandey,
IEEE
Journal of Lightwave Technology 34 (10), 2431-2438 (2016).

15  Photonic and omnidirectional band gap engineering in stack of exponential graded index material and negative index material
BK Singh, AK Dikshit, KB Thapa, PC Pandey,
Journal of Modern Optics 63 (9), 826-834(2016).

16  Effect of Exponentially Graded Material on Photonic and Omni-Directional Band Gaps in 1-D Photonic Crystals
BK Singh, PC Pandey,
Photoptics 2015, 119-144(2016).

17  Numerical Study of the Dispersion Characteristics by Variation of Refractive Index of a Photonic Crystal Fiber
S Tiwari, A Dixit, PC Pandey,
Journal of Nanoengineering and Nanomanufacturing 5 (4), 276-280(2015)

18  A novel design of photonic crystal fiber containing square holes in a square lattice with high dispersion tolerance, flattened dispersion and low effective mode area
S Tiwari, BK Singh, GG Soni, PC Pandey,
Optoelectronics and Advanced Materials-Rapid Communications 9 (3-4), 319-323(2015)

19  Influence of graded index materials on the photonic localization in one-dimensional quasiperiodic (Thue–Mosre and Double-Periodic) photonic crystals
BK Singh, PC Pandey,
Optics Communications 333, 84-91(2014)

20  Tunable photonic band-gaps in one-dimensional photonic crystals containing linear graded index material
BK Singh, P Kumar, PC Pandey,
Applied Physics B 117 (3), 947-956(2014)

21  A study of optical reflectance and localization modes of 1-D Fibonacci photonic quasicrystals using different graded dielectric materials
BK Singh, PC Pandey,
Journal of Modern Optics 61 (11), 887-897(2014)

22  Tunable characteristics of one dimensional magnetic photonic crystal composed with single-negative materials
KB Thapa, PC Pandey, PP Singh, SP Ojha,
Optik-International Journal for Light and Electron Optics 124 (24), 6631-6635(2013)

23  An analytical study of modal dispersion characteristics of helically clad crystal-cored optical fiber
AK Mishra, PC Pandey, D Kumar, ON Singh II,
Optik-International Journal for Light and Electron Optics 124 (17), 2661-2666(2013)

24  Optical reflectance and omnidirectional bandgaps in Fibonacci quasicrystals type 1-D multilayer structures containing exponentially graded material
BK Singh, KB Thapa, PC Pandey,
Optics Communications 297, 65-73(2013)

25  A complete band gap in one-dimensional photonic crystal containing meta-materials
KB Thapa, PC Pandey, S Singh
OPTOELECTRONICS AND ADVANCED MATERIALS-RAPID COMMUNICATIONS 4 (7), 909-915(2010)

26  Effect of curvature of the boundary on the modal dispersion of a single-mode dielectric waveguide of core cross-section bounded by involuted spirals
PC Pandey, SP Ojha
Optik-International Journal for Light and Electron Optics 120 (14), 683-688(2009)

27  Study of s-polarized photonic bandgap structure in three component optical fibonacci multilayers composed of nanoscale materials
RK Mishra, PC Pandey
Solid State Communications 149 (23), 946-951(2009)

28  Omni-directional bands in multilayer structure containing exponentially graded materials
KB Thapa, PC Pandey, SK Singh, SP Ojha
Journal of Modern Optics 56 (11), 1309-1315(2009)

29  Study of photonic band-gap structure in three component Fibonaccimultilayers
RK Mishra, PC Pandey
Canadian Journal of Physics 86 (9), 1071-1078(2008)

30  Large forbidden band in one-dimensional multi-layered structure containing exponentially graded materials
PC Pandey, KB Thapa, SP Ojha
Optics Communications 281 (6), 1607-1614(2008)
31  Modal dispersion characteristics of a single mode dielectric optical waveguide with a guiding region cross-section bounded by two involuted spirals
PC Pandey, A Mishra, SP Ojha
Progress In Electromagnetics Research 73, 1-13(2007)
32  Effect of metal cladding on the modal dispersion characteristic of an annular waveguide with the guiding region section bounded by a square and a circle
PC Pandey, D Singh, SP Ojha
Journal of electromagnetic waves and applications 18 (9), 1157-1169(2004)

33  Compensating and equivalence properties of optical waveguides with a linear and sinusoidal variation of the core refractive index and core size along the propagation direction (vol 39, pg 348, )
PC Pandey, SP Ojha
MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS 39 (4), 348-348(2003)

34  Effect of pitch angle on modal propagation characteristics of an annular circular dielectric waveguide having helical windings on the inner and outer boundaries as claddings
SK Srivastava, PC Pandey, UN Singh, SP Ojha
Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 33 (5), 338-344(2002)
35  Compensating and equivalence properties of optical waveguides with a linear and sinusoidal variation of the core refractive index and core size along the propagation direction
PC Pandey, SP Ojha
Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 28 (5), 326-328(2001)
36  Effect of axial linear and sinusoidal variation of the core refractive index on the propagation of some low‐order modes in an optical fiber
PC Pandey, SP Ojha
Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 28 (4), 265-267(2000)
37  A comparative study of the modal dispersion curves of fibers with different degrees of metal loading on the core–cladding interfaces
PC Pandey, SP Ojha, BB Srivastava
Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 26 (1), 54-57(2000)
38  Modal dispersion characteristics of a single mode metal coated optical waveguide with a guiding region cross-section bounded by two involuted spirals
PC Pandey, BK Pandey, SP Ojha
Optik 2, 4(2000)
39 Modal characteristics of a gyroelectromagnetic chirofiber having a dielectric cladding: an analytical study
KS SINQH, PC Pandey, SP Ojha
Optik 111 (5), 195-200(2000)
40  Cutoff conditions of an annular dielectric waveguide with an exponentially decaying refractive‐index profile in the guiding region
S Ganguly, KS Singh, PC Pandey, SP Ojha
Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 22 (4), 226-229(1999)
41  Modal cutoff conditions for a waveguide having an annular guiding region with a parabolically graded refractive‐index profile
S Ganguly, KS Singh, PC Pandey, SP Ojha
Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 22 (3), 167-171(2000)
42  Numerically Obtained Dispersion Curves of a Fiber with One - Fourth of Metal loading on the Core - Cladding Interface.
SK Singh, SP Ojha  P.C. Pandey
Journal of Int. Academy. of Phy. Sciences , INDIA. (2000)
 
 
           
 
Research Papers Presented / Published in Proceeding of Conferences:

1  Structural investigation of (Tb, Li) co-doped ZnO nanoparticles
Pawan Kumar, Praveen C. Pandey
45th National Seminar on Crystallography (NSC45)
(9-12 July 2017, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, India.

2  Influence of Li concentration on magnetic and optical properties of Europium embedded Zinc Oxide
Pawan Kumar, Praveen C. Pandey
20th International Conference of International Academy of Physical Sciences
(CONIAPS XX) July 14-16, 2017 Osmania University, Hyderabad-500 007, Telangana State, India

3  Influence of graded index……….Photonic crystal
Praveen C. Pandey (invited talk)
20th International Conference of International Academy of Physical Sciences
(CONIAPS XX) July 14-16, 2017 Osmania University, Hyderabad-500 007, Telangana State, India

Effect of Temperature on the Dispersion Properties of a Square Photonic Crystal Fiber
S Tiwari, BK Singh, PC Pandey
International Conference on Fibre Optics and Photonics, W2A. 4 (2016)

5  Transparent Nano-crystalline Cobalt doped ZnO thin films prepared by spin coating
Pawan Kumar, Bipin K. Singh, Praveen C. Pandey
International Conference on Advances in Light Technologies and Spectroscopy of Materials (ICALTSM -2016) January 16-18, 2016

6  Tunable Mirror and Multi Channel Filter based on one-dimensional exponential graded    photonic crystal
Bipin K Singh and Praveen C pandey
International conference on Photonics, Optics and Laser Technology (PHOTOPTICS-      2015),  March 12-14, 2015, Berlin Germany.

7  Photonic Crystal Composed of Graded Materials
Praveen C pandey
17th International Conference of International Academy of Physical Sciences (CONIAPS       XVII)  January 16-18, 2015 Jaipur ,India.

8  Analysis of 1-D Photonic Photonic crystal composed of Linearly graded Material
Bipin K Singh, Pawan Kumar and Praveen C pandey  
17th International Conference of International Academy of Physical Sciences (CONIAPS XVII) January 16-18, 2015 Jaipur ,India.
9  Effect of plasma cladding on the modal dispersion characteristics of step-index optical      fiber
A.K. Mishra, U N Singh, P.C. Pandey, O N Singh II
Int. Academy of Phy. Sciences, INDIA (CONIAPS XVI), 2014
10  The Focusing Of light through two-dimensional graded photonic crystals
Bipin K Singh, Pawan Kumar, P C Pandey
Photonics  12th International conference in IIT Kharagpur, organised by OSA & IEEE 2014

11  Analysis of Two Dimensional Graded Photonic Crystals towards Negative Index Medium
Praveen C Pandey, Bipin K Singh and V. Vidhya Lakshmi
Focused discussion meeting on “Metamaterials and Photonic Nanostructures” 16th &        17th August, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, 2013.

12  Photonic Band Gap from a Stack of Linearly Graded Dielectric Material
Bipin K Singh and Praveen C Pandey
Focused discussion meeting on “Metamaterials and Photonic Nanostructures” 16th &        17th August, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, 2013.

13  Optical Reflection of Photonic Fibonacci Quasicrystals Containing Normal, Linear and    Exponential Graded Materials
B.K. Singh, K.B. Thapa and P.C. Pandey
Int.  Academy of Phy. Sciences, INDIA (Accepted CONIAPS XV) 2012.

14  Ultrafast switching property in one dimensional defect photonic crystals
Khem B. Thapa, Rahul Pandey, P. C. Pandey and S. P. Ojha
Presented in  International Conference ELECTRO-2009, IT, BHU (2009).

15  Reflection Properties of Photonic Band Gap Material Containing Different Gradding Profiles
P.C.Pandey and Khem B. Thapa
National Conf. on Advanced Optoelectronic Materials and devices (AOMD), BHU, 2008.

16 Modal Dispersion Characteristics of a dielectric optical waveguide with a guiding region cross section bounded by two involuted spirals.
P.C.Pandey, A. Mishra and S.P.Ojha
Int.  Academy of Phy. Sciences, INDIA (Presented CONIAPS IX) 2006

17  Modal analysis of dielectric curvilinear equilateral triangular loop - cored light-guide.
P.C. Pandey, D. Singh and S.P. Ojha
Presented in Asia pacific Microwave Conference (APMC 04), 2004

18  A mathematical modal analysis of dielectric curvilinear equilateral triangular loop-cored lightguide.
P.C. Pandey, N. Kumar and S.P.Ojha
Int.  Academy of  Phy. Sciences, INDIA, 2001.

19An analytical study of an annular step index waveguide with helical claddings.
S.K. Srivastava, P.C. Pandey, U.N. Singh and S.P. Ojha
Int.  Academy of Phy Sciences 2001, INDIA (Presented CONIAPS IV).

20  Modal Dispersion Curves of an Annular waveguide with a Guiding Region section bounded by a Square and Circle.      
P.C. Pandey, S.K.Srivastava and S.P.Ojha
PHOTONICS,  Vol. 2, pp 705-707, 2000.

21  Numerically Obtained Dispersion Curves of a Fiber with One - Fourth of   Metal loading on the Core - Cladding Interface.
P.C. Pandey, S.K.Srivastava and S.P.Ojha
Int.  Academy. of  Phy. Sciences 1999, INDIA.